A Review on Routing Protocols for Security and Energy Efficiency in WSNs: Exploring Energy-Efficient and Secure Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have received a lot of interest recently. Because keepingtrack of things is so crucial, an increasing number of sensor networks are being set up via wirelessconnections. Despite their ubiquitous use, sensors pose a variety of infrastructural issues. Severalresearch on wireless sensor networks are now being undertaken. Increasing the endurance of sensorshas emerged as a prominent topic in research. Keep in mind that a sensor is a tiny electrical componentwith a limited power source. The battery or equivalent power source supplies the energy required by thedevice to execute its duties. Keeping the nodes charged and changed out may be difficult if they arespread apart. In addition to hardware problems, energy consumption is a crucial factor. Idle listening,rebroadcasting, overhearing, and overemitting all result in energy waste. Data may be collected from alarge number of sensors that can be put everywhere, no matter how harsh or unforgiving thesurroundings are, using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Due to the harsh environment and limitedbattery life span of battery-operated sensors, research and development of trustworthy, secure, andenergy-efficient sensor network protocols is necessary. In wireless sensor networks, informationexchange accounts for 70 of total energy consumption, making routing the most essential protocol interms of energy utilisation (WSNs) (WSNs). As a result, energy-efficient routing algorithms must bedeveloped in order to minimise network loads and extend the service life of current infrastructure.However, because of their application-specific character, the lack of a global solution scheme, andresource-limited sensors, creating information routing in WSNs creates considerable challenges.Because sensors are frequently placed in the least secure area, making them exposed to security threatsand phishing, privacy and security are also critical problems in WSNs. Many security procedures arebuilt into the systems of the various routing protocols already in use. In this brief essay, we will presentan introduction of numerous routing protocols for wireless sensor networks, focusing on theirfundamental operations and principles to illustrate how energy-efficient and secure they may be.