Physicochemical and Biological Analysis of Gandak River at Sonepur: Implications of Sanitation Systems on River Water Quality

Abstract

With growing urbanizationand emergence of urban areas as growth centers combined with improved livingstandards, piped water supply with improving service levels has become integralpart of basic civic amenity. Safe disposal of human excreta & wastewater isalso necessary for health reasons. The options available for disposal of excretaare either on-site or off-site sewerage system. On site sanitation system,prevailing till date, in most of the towns, are individualistic system withinherent problems for collection & disposal of sludge & risks ofcontamination of ground water. Water carriage sewerage system, more or less,has come to be universally adopted for disposal of excreta.