Correlation Between Hand Eye Coordination, Agility and Upper Limb Explosive Power in Recreational Badminton Players: A Pilot Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29070/530w4877Keywords:
Alternate Hand Wall Toss Test, Agility, Hand–Eye CoordinationAbstract
Badminton is a dynamic racket sport that demands high levels of hand–eye coordination, agility, and upper limb explosive power for effective performance. These components are essential for rapid shuttle tracking, multidirectional movement, stroke execution, and efficient court coverage. The study's objective was to ascertain the relationship between recreational badminton players' hand-eye coordination, agility, and upper limb explosive power. A pilot survey of recreational badminton players was carried out in Southern Karnataka. Recreational badminton players Convenience sampling was used to recruit people between the ages of 18 and 35. Hand–eye coordination, agility, and upper limb explosive power were assessed using the Alternate Hand Wall Toss Test, Agility T-Test, and Seated Medicine Ball Throw Test, respectively. Correlation was performed using Karl-Pearson’s correlation method. Statistical significance was set at P <0.05. Correlation analysis revealed a significant moderate negative correlation between hand–eye coordination and agility (r = −0.591, p = 0.043). Hand–eye coordination also demonstrated a moderate positive correlation with upper limb explosive power (r = 0.545), although the association was not statistically significant (p = 0.067).
Downloads
References
1. Phomsoupha M, Laffaye G. The science of badminton: game characteristics, anthropometry, physiology, visual fitness and biomechanics. Sports Med. 2015 Apr;45(4):473-95.
2. Rangasamy K, Sharma S, Gopinathan NR, Kumar A, Negi S, Dhillon MS. Risk Prediction of Injury Among Recreational Badminton Players in India. Indian J Orthop. 2022 Jun 7;56(8):1378-1384.
3. Ma, S., Xue, W., Soh, K.G. et al. Effects of physical training programs on healthy badminton players’ performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 17, 189 (2025).
4. Ochor DC and Amasiatu AN. The Impact of Eye-Hand Coordination on Badminton Skill Mastery Among Undergraduate Sports Science Students at the University of Port Harcourt. Premier Journal of Science 2025;9:100077
5. Triansyah, Y., Suharjana, S., & Rahmatullah, M. I. (2023). The influence of exercise and coordination methods hand eye coordination on the accuracy of badminton service. Advances in Health and Exercise, 3(2), 38–45.
6. Loureiro Lde F Jr, de Freitas PB. Development of an Agility Test for Badminton Players and Assessment of Its Validity and Test-Retest Reliability. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2016 Apr;11(3):305-10.
7. Shedge, Saylee S et al. “Optimizing Agility and Athletic Proficiency in Badminton Athletes Through Plyometric Training: A Review.” Cureus vol. 16,1 e52596. 19 Jan. 2024,
8. Krishnan Vasanthi R, Nadzalan AM, Zolkafi MAAB, Kannan AK, E. U RS, P. G MK. Physical fitness characteristics of amateur badminton players: a comparative analysis of dynamic balance, agility, and ankle strength. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports. 2026;30(4):295-30.
9. Shi, Yujie et al. “The role of maturation in upper-limb plyometric vs. technical plyometric training for youth badminton players.” Frontiers in physiology vol. 17 1765643. 27 Jan. 2026,
10. Towler H., King M. (2023). Comparing smash performance and technique between elite male and female international badminton players. Int. J. Racket Sports Sci. 5, 47–56. 10.30827/ijrss.33248
11. Young W. A Review of Agility: Practical Applications for Strength and Conditioning. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 2006
12. Nimphius S, Callaghan SJ, Spiteri T, Lockie RG. Change of Direction Deficit: A More Isolated Measure of Change of Direction Performance Than Total 505 Time. J Strength Cond Res. 2016 Nov;30(11):3024-3032.
13. Kons RL, Orssatto LBR, Ache-Dias J, De Pauw K, Meeusen R, Trajano GS, Dal Pupo J, Detanico D. Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Performance: An Umbrella Review. Sports Med Open. 2023 Jan 10;9(1):4.
14. Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH. The Importance of Muscular Strength in Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2016 Oct;46(10):1419-49.
15. Mann DT, Williams AM, Ward P, Janelle CM. Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: a meta-analysis. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2007 Aug;29(4):457-78. doi: 10.1123/jsep.29.4.457. PMID: 17968048.
16. Broadbent DP, Causer J, Williams AM, Ford PR. Perceptual-cognitive skill training and its transfer to expert performance in the field: future research directions. Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15(4):322-31. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.957727. Epub 2014 Sep 24. PMID: 25252156.
17. McLean BD, Coutts AJ, Kelly V, McGuigan MR, Cormack SJ. Neuromuscular, endocrine, and perceptual fatigue responses during different length between-match microcycles in professional rugby league players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2010 Sep;5(3):367-83. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.5.3.367. PMID: 20861526.
18. Bouteraa I, Negra Y, Shephard RJ, Chelly MS. Effects of Combined Balance and Plyometric Training on Athletic Performance in Female Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2020 Jul;34(7):1967-1973.
19. Wong TKK, Ma AWW, Liu KPY, Chung LMY, Bae YH, Fong SSM, Ganesan B, Wang HK. Balance control, agility, eye-hand coordination, and sport performance of amateur badminton players: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jan;98(2):e14134.
20. Mahapatra, C., Pradhan, K.C. Correlation between racquet conversion speed with hand–eye coordination and reaction in amateur badminton players—an observational study. Bull Fac Phys Ther 30, 17 (2025).
21. Riaz, N., & Ahmed, A. S. (2026). Synergizing Eye Coordination and Agility in Mastering Badminton Skills. The Regional Tribune, 5(1), 46-56.
